Lessons from maritime emergencies based on video evidence: analysis of accidents involving passenger ships and safety proposals

Abstract

Using audiovisual material captured during the emergencies themselves (videos from passengers and crews, as well as documentaries incorporating original images), we present a chronological overview of accidents involving passenger ships between 1991 and 2016: Oceanos, Norwegian Dawn, Star Princess, Pacific Sun, Louis Majesty, Clelia II, Grand Holiday, Costa Concordia, Sewol, Explorer of the Seas, among others. The analysis reveals recurring patterns: structural deficiencies (e.g., bilge valves, vulnerable bow glazing), unsecured furniture that becomes a projectile with sharp swings, listing that renders decks and means of abandonment impracticable, and -most notably- shortcomings in leadership, public address communication, and real-world training of crews. On this basis, we propose specific and operational measures: double glazing with methacrylate in exposed areas; systematic securing of furniture and effective lashing; continuous handrails on both sides; access to lifeboats at deck level and launching systems less sensitive to list; specific protocols for vulnerable groups with early transfer; and realistic crowd control and communication exercises without contradictory messages. The objective is simple: to translate what we see in the images (what works and what does not) into useful knowledge and tangible improvements that reinforce the safety of human life at sea.