Squat and Bank effect as a consequence of unintentional grounding of vessels: Study of cases.

Abstract

This paper is a compendium of theoretical and mathematical studies on the squat effect and the bank effect, analysing their influence on maritime casualties focused on unintentional groundings.
Subsequently, the theoretical part is contrasted with the practical part by presenting real cases where these effects have been significantly involved and demonstrating the importance for the pilot to make a proper and rigorous management of the calculations and forecasts of these effects in order to carry out a safe navigation throughout his career.
The guidelines for the identification of when they occur are brought together, so that measures can be taken to avoid their effects, or even to take advantage of them for one's own benefit.

The conditions under which the massive movement of these animals is carried out is of vital importance, because of the great complexity involved, as they are live cargo and from a health point of view can bring with them a large number of complications such as the spread of diseases or epidemics to other parts of the world.

It is also a business that moves a large amount of money, but nevertheless has significant shortcomings in ensuring the health and safety of the animals it transports, and animal rights organisations have recently become increasingly involved in preventing animal suffering.

Following numerous accidents and in the face of growing public outcry, the International Maritime Organisation has decided to take a step forward to try to enact rules to regulate the transport of live livestock on ships, ensuring that health and welfare conditions are maintained throughout the voyage.